Fashionable Illustrations And Appearance In Editorials Cultural Studies Essay

Fashionable Illustrations And Appearance In Editorials Cultural Studies Essay Fashion illustrations were and will stay desirable forever! For many years this part of art was modifying and improving to become an independent and valuable art segment. For some people it might have no value, but for some of them it is a meaning of the life. Illustrations are in a huge connection with art movements, fashion trends and photography. Beauty canons dictate the rules for illustrators but there is always space for flights of imagination. Why there are the periods when it becomes popular and then almost disappears? There are many reasons affecting the attractiveness of fashion illustrations. First of all cultural aspects are playing quite important role of perception. Photography is the main rival for illustrations. It was a huge explosion of photography which almost substituted the illustration in magazine spreads. However there is no other way for fashion to be produced without illustrations. That means until the fashion exists, the fashion illustrations will appear again and again In spite of any possible reasons, people will always admire increase or decrease of interest to fashion illustrations. Furthermore even if our life will be totally under computerisation we still are going to be in need of hand drawing fashion illustration as we always in need of pure art. The story of fashion illustrations goes deep in a history. First sketches appeared about 500 years ago. Development is an inalienable process for human being. Attractiveness might be one of the main reasons why humanity still exists. People love beauty. Magnificent beauty might have natural origin or could be done by human to make this world better. That was one of the reason for beginning of fashion. Another reason was social inequality. Outfit always was the main significant factor of social status. Fashion industry was growing up day by day. There was only one way to make it available for mass to make it illustrative. According to Blackman (2007, p. 6) first fashion illustrated magazine called La Mercure galant (1672). Another source of information were french fashion plates. Widely recognisable artists such as Jean de St Jean, Franà §ois Octavien, Antoine Hà ©risset and Bernard Picart were providing women with latest trends. In spite of that fact that someone liked or criticized illustrations, the information extended quickly and effectively in all social layers. Additionally, the beauty canon of that time was a women in comparison with the vase, same fragile and refined. Woman who is quite educated for formal conversations, who visits salons and theatres, who knows everything about last trends, who looks fashionable. Models were drawn quite skinny and still were wearing corsets. Later, the illustrations were available in wide range of magazines. At that time the illustrations did not have the current meaning. It has distinctive and simple purpose distribution. Figures were drawn accurately with all details without exaggeration or stylization. It was necessarily to make people believe in reality of image. It supposed to have the power that photography record facts. Moreover increasable achievement in the chain between fashion brand and final piece were patterns which appeared in many magazines. It has allowed for women to produce clothes by themselves. Its amazing that we still use this illustrated schemes in the magazines. Perfect example is a Burda Style magazine (1949) Each picture in Burda Style supported by pattern. Amazing fact that Harpers Bazaar magazine (fig. 1) first published at 1867 and Vogue just at 1892. This magazines have quite similar content and basic ideas for graphic and structure. In spite of this, Vogue is the top fashion magazine in the world Top fashion magazines are always competing. However graphic and content are often quite similar. The world of fashion magazines could be compare with fashion industry. As soon as leading designer or fashion house represents their collection, the next day all key elements will be copying by other. Then it will be called trends of the season. Completely the same process is working for fashion publication. As soon as some new technique, new manner to present the information or new unordinary layouts appear in Vogue magazine it will be copied by the rest publications around the globe and will be called trend. Vogue discover and makes stars from people links to this business as photographers, illustrators models and designers and many others. If a husband or father of the early or mid-Victorian era chose to deny the women of his household access to controversial magazines such as Harper`s, then instead he might permit them to subscribe to one of the few publications specifically created for women: Ladies Literary Cabinet (1819-22), Graham`s Magazine (1826-55), Ladies Magazine (1828-36), Godey`s Lady`s Book (1830-98), Ladies` Repository(1841-76), Peterson`s Ladies` National Magazine (1854-57), Harper`s Bazar (1867-present day) (Delis Hill, 2004, p. 2). Day by day magazine market growned up. Development of printing process reduced production costs. Many new magazines appeared before twenties. That gave a chance to illustrations to become more developed. Photography was already announced but was not used extensively. Blackman (2007, p. 71) reports that the twenties and thirties could be considered as Golden age of fashion illustrations. In spite of the fact that at the beginning of thirties the favour started switching to colore photography. First colore cover photographed by Edward Steichen, appeared in 1932. Furthermore by analysis of market shows that photographic Vogue covers sold better. At that time Illustrators were totally influenced by art moments. Dada, Bauhaus, De Stijl and Art Deco brought magazines design in completely new level but made the illustrations development limited. One of the example could be considered by George Barbier illustrations. George Barbie (1882 1932) was well recognizable and talented French illust rator. During his successful career he illustrated books, worked on haute couture fashion illustrations, designed jewellery and costumes, glass and wallpaper (George Barbier, 2010). Analysing Barbie earlier illustrations (fig. 2) and compare to later works (fig. 3) appears the big difference in technique, style and colour. His earlier works are more natural, more distinctive. Earlier works did not have that much details which are not related to concrete clothes. Mostly, the model was drawn on one colour background. Later on George Barbie started to produce more complicated works. Fashion illustrations looked like a painting with many characters. Moreover it told a story. All his older illustrations are sated by details inherent to Art Deco style. One of the best Art Deco painter is Tamara de Lempicka. Illustrations from Tamara de Lempicka could be compared to George Barbie to prove that there are many similarities (fig. 4-5). First of all geometrical shapes are involved in composition. Both images are quit elegant and have a lot of decorative details. Models pained according to Art Deco beauty canons. That facts proves that George Barbier definitely was influenced by Art Deco movement. The influence of art movements was so strong in a period from 1900 to 1950 that it was a bit frozen possible development of illustrations. In spite of this situation, the illustrations were extremely popular at that time. However, this is exact example of how much this branch of art depends on art in general. People were depend on illustrations, but illustrations were depend on needs. Moreover it depended of fashion. This is completely limited circle when everything appears because of concrete aim and purpose. New brands appeared day by day, fashion houses were very popular, when Coco Chanel made a revolution in fashion industry. The essence of her style was rooted in a masculine model of power, a direction that has dominated twentieth-century fashion. (The fashion book,1998, p. 98). Emancipation opened the border for women to represent themselves, for designers to create completely new clothes, for illustrators to be less influenced by movements. Fashion illustrations of that time were much more aggressive and independent. Authors brought more personal fillings. Women were considered as an independent, strong and powerful part of society. Women body was no longer represented as a stylized illustration, which totally depended on rules of art movement. That was a time of French fashion. Times when Haute Couture empire began to grow up. According to Blackman (2007, p. 72) Parisian couture dominated international. However US fashion designers presented beautiful collections during the interwar years. American ready-to-wear collections outstand all European countries. That was the time when Hollywood influenced to fashion, design and perception. Actors were iconic idols for people to consider fashion and brans. Women tried to reproduced expensive clothes by hieing a dress maker or do it by themselves. Vogue, Woman`s journal and Weldon`s were providing readers with patterns. Vogue and Harpers Bazaar were widely experimenting with photography. However, fashion illustrations appeared in all publications (fig. 6-7). Talking about history, there are three most important decades for fashion illustrations: Golden age, sixties and probably present days. Sixties and seventies changed everything. That time changed cultures, fashion, music, art and even politics. Pop art became very popular and supported popularity of photography. Photography almost replaced illustrations. It was everywhere. Haute Couture market was almost generated to that what it looks today. Dior, Chanel, Yves Saint Laurent, Valentino, Givenchy and many other fashion designers and fashion houses opened their doors to fashionable and rich customers. Fashion illustrations became very progressive, different and ordinary (fig. 8). Freedom, sexuality and style are displayed in all illustrations of that period. Vogue fashion spreads remind this days design. Photography was placed next to illustration.(fig. 9). According to Blackman (2007, p. 168) Illustrated covers appeared rarely. Well known editorial illustrators of the sixties were: Renà © Bouchà ©, Alfredo Bouret, Tod Draz, Tom Keogh, Eric Stemp, John Ward and Audrey Lewis. The last the old school representations Eric (Carl Erickson) and Bouchà © died. New magazines such as Nova and Queen were hieing the strongest and more talented art editors. Magazine design was re forced with photography. Photographers and models were considered as a celebrities. Hippy fashion take it predominating position. Sixties totally changed beauty canons. Skinny figures became a prisoners of 90-60-90 measurements. However tall, over skinny bodies became iconic image of ideal women. Even todays the fashion illustrations as well as fashion in general, follow this rules, nothing has changed for fifty years. After a couple tragic death of the models from diagnosis of anorexia did not make designers to reconsider their strict beauty canons. But this fact gave a chance for hundred magazines who taught women how to lose weight appeared on the market. Diets became a complex market which gave a chance for such structures as: pharmacology, dietetics, psychology, technology, and cosmetology selling there products to women. For the last 3-4 years illustrations became incredibly popular. Magazines full of fashion illustrations, drew advertising and brochures. Such top magazines as Vogue and Elle, which almost dictate the rules for fashion, switched from photography to illustrations. Excellent example is five editorial spreads of Elle magazines (May, 2010) by Ulrich Schrà ¶der (fig. 10-11), who represented fashion top designers as a Disney cartoon characters. That was not the first time when illustrations completely replaced photography. In August 2007 truly realistic drawn editorial created by talented illustrator Julius Preite (fig. 12) appeared in Harpers Bazaar. Many details, clothes and shoes were copied from original. It was totally different way to introduce fashionable design pieces to mass. Inspire of all risks it had incredible success. Moreover any innovative idea, which appears in a world top fashion magazines is copied by smaller publications. Probably this was an exact way for illustrations to become so popular recently. Now even make up trends simply recreated by illustrators. This is unbelievable, magazines teaches women how to dress up properly, to do make up or hair style by using illustrations some times even cartoons. Further evidence of high interest to illustrations are the Vogue pages. Looking through all international editions some fashion illustration becomes involved in issue layout at list ones. Fashion news, trends, brand history and many other sections are full with the colourful of black and white illustrations, sometimes even stylized as a sketch. Looking at Vogue page (fig. 13) first what could be mentioned is technic of illustrations. All the models are hand drawn and scanned. Furthermore, it was not computer retouched in term of colour. The purpose is to make it as more natural and real as possible. Vogue mostly promote expensive brands. Hand drawn illustrations are the excellent way to reduce this bohemian filling, eliminate inaccessibility. Concerning to the popularity of fashion illustrations there is no way to ignore the spiral aspect. Again and again photography and illustrations are fighting against each other. Weariness of photography increases the illustration popularity and vice versa. One of the best way to make both illustration and photography work is a collage. This technique called photomontage in early sixties and was applied quite often (fig. 14). Many illustrators work in this style which is quite suitable for fashion. Nicole Jarecz is one of them. Her balanced combination of hand drawn elements, photography, fabrics makes her works special (fig. 15). Target audience of the top fashion magazine are women between 20-45 years old, who look for last trends rather then piece of art in a fashion magazines. Definitely this fact narrows the purpose of illustrations and make it less powerful, makes it branded. This is return to the time when illustrations began, when the main purpose was to promote the brand, not making a piece of art out of illustration. Analysing the nature of illustrations could be mentioned that fashion illustration consists of two components: model and clothes. One of the incredible power of illustrations over photography is personality. There are hundred ways to stylize imagined model, exaggerate, make it perfect and incredibly beautiful. Illustrator has total control of fantasy what photographer does not have. Working with a model makes the process of photography less personal. Each of them have their own vision, thoughts, mood and million other aspects, which provides the influence to the final piece. The purpose of fashion photography or editorial photo shoots is to represent styling (promotion of many brands at one time) in creative and not ordinary way. Illustrations could be trendy now, but origin of interests are aways different. One of the basic factors from the first publication of fashion illustrations till now, which effects the popularity of illustrations is cultural aspect. For the last years illustration became so popular in USA and Europe, but at the same time it is still so unpopular in Central Asia. Central Asia development in this subject stand behind Europe at list for 50 years. Now there is a perfect time for photography being on the top. Photography market becomes enormously huge, while illustrations are hiding in the shadow. In USA and Europe people are quite tired of photography, it became too commercial for the last years. People started to visit more exhibitions, galleries, buying art pieces. Moreover perfect way to switch was push illustration to editorial design. As more detailed example could be considered Kazakhstan. It is quite fashionable country. Many women follow every possible fashion and beauty news, trying to order last design collections from Europe. The rest, just have no chance to be fashionable, because most of the selling clothes are originally from Turkey or China with fake models. People wear latest fakery clothes from couture collections not even knowing about it. Air impregnated by fashion, makes women read the magazines. It is like a drop of water in a desert. There is no that long time passed from 80th when people could not buy any nice clothes as import to the country from abroad was totally closed. People where waiting in a queues through the nights to get a pair of jeans. First international fashion magazine was like a Bible to follow. Situation did not change that much from those days. Kazakh women still trust to the fashion magazines. This is one of the reasons why fashion illustrations are not popular in this country . Women want to see facts, real photography. Illustrations will make them feel deceived. The only reason why illustrations appear in Kazakh publications is financial aspect. It is much cheaper to draw a model than arrange the whole photo shoot. Fashion illustrations are still in the Kazakh market staying totally unpopular, but as the need for customer to save the money. There is no way for fashion to be produced without illustration. First draft appears on paper and then modifies to become a final pice of fashion industry. Mostly, fashion designers do not work on computers. First ideas are always hand drawn. In spite of computerisation process paper sketches are the primary source of design ideas. This might have a part of human nature which deeply inside rejects any advantages of human development. Unless artist possess of hand drawing skill would newer be totally switched to computer sketches. Furthermore not so many fashion designers publish or sale their fashion illustrations. It might be because fashion designers consider illustration as a part of a chain where is the main aim to produce a piece of clothing. To sketch it is the only way to achieve the aim. Computerization changed the look of fashion illustrations. There are many ways to retouch, finalize or create illustration in Adobe creative suite programs. Many online tutorials are available. Designers experiment with different technics. One of the most widespread process is to draw the illustration on paper, scan it and retouch in Photoshop using different brushes, bright colours and different effects. Another technic is to collect from slices a single unique image. Collage always makes illustration more original. One of the ways to do it is to do the first sketches using watercolour, gouache ink or just pencil instead of scanning image. Further steps are to find inspirited objects and photo shoot them. For the object itself can be taken all possible elements: fabrics, crystals, papers or magazine pages. The strong side of this technique that it does not have any limits. It could have hundred levels. Collages widely used for fashion illustrations. Mostly it used for production of T-shirts, bags or even scarfs. I think, that Commercial fashion illustration is not in a big demand now. Probably because of the latest Photoshop upgrades and a general image processing that can be done on a computer. However Editorial type of fashion Illustration is now hotter then ever. Especially images that look like they are done by hand and are Art (Eduard Erlikh, 2010). However even this filling of hand drawn illustration could be achieved with Photoshop or Illustrator brushes. In spite of this nothing could replace personal drawing skills (fig. 16-18). Definitely, there are many ways to produce unique illustrations. Within the design programs it is possible to change the whole look, give a total different meaning to illustration and its perception. However there is a certain rules for fashion illustrators. According to Tatham and Seaman (2003, p. 50) it is important to keep actual proportions of human body, because illustrations suppose to present clothes to be worn by real people. Despite of this matter, the illustration could have some stylization. Abstract or unfinished shape unless there is a science of proportions. Whatever idea hiding behind, wether it is a collage, full of fabrics and photos or hand drawn illustration, it must attract attention, there must have integrity and must remain that it is still about human being, existing fashion and potential customers. Sad fact is that fashion illustrations are not an independent art segment. In fact illustrator is a prisoner of society. First of all if illustrator is not a fashion designer, then he suppose to draw a piece of someone else art. Fashion illustrator still has to remember that he is dealing with human body. He must consider trends of illustration style to have a chance to sell it. He suppose to come with something new in era where is almost no chance for discovering. People often wonder how fashion designers manage to come up with so many marvellous new ideas. The truth is that these ideas are rarely completely new: designers create by reinventing the world around them'(Tatham and Seaman, 2003, p. 12). However, analysing current illustrators styles would be suitable to say that all the ideas were stolen from past and computer retouched to be at list a little different. Last three years could be called Silver age of illustrations. Hundreds new names appeared. Many of them incredibly and talented. Amazing fact is that quite a lot graphic designers are changing qualification to fashion illustrations. Illustrations are everywhere: magazines, brochures, advertising, promotion materials, bags, shoes, clothes, packaging design and even jewellery. The only disappointment is recreation. In comparisons with fifties, mainly sixties styles and illustration techniques, similarity is too obvious. Technics are almost duplicated. Like for example combination of painting with pencil or ink and watercolour. Most of the times, image looks like it was painted, but some details left untouched. It gives a filling of hand drawing composition , but at the same time there is some mystery. This unfinished look give a chance for imagination. This technique started widely used in 1945 till around 1970. Such illustrators as: Christian Bà ©rard, Renà © Gruau, Bernard Blossac and Setsu Nagasawa were using this technique. Nowadays this style of illustrations could be find in Vogue, Elle, Harpers Bazaar and many others international publications (fig. 19-22). This is exact reason why this period of time could not be called second Golden age of illustrations, there is nothing new, except unbelievable popularity of the illustrations. Probably for many people it would trendy to talk, to produce illustrations, but in case they would go at list a bit dipper they would discover for themselves that this trend was trendy many years ago, as it is now Sophie Grizzotto is talented french illustrator who was published in many international publications including Elle magazine. There are lots of aspects which make her work different, to stand above the others. First of all she has amazing drawing skills. Catching the moments this is one of the most powerful feature of her works. The details she presents are also incredibly important and competitive to photography. Unfortunately her works looks similar to Bernard Blossac illustrations made in forties. Blosac`s illustrations were widely used by such magazines as: Vogue, Harpers Bazaar and LOfficiel. Comparing Sophie Grizzotto illustrations (fig. 23) with Bernard Blossac works (fig. 24) such similarities could be noticed. Bernard Blosac used pencils and watercolour to produce his illustrations. Sophie Grizzotto works completely using the same technique. The only difference that she achieves watercolour effect using Photoshop brushes. Distinctive feature of Bernard Blosac technique make s the feeling of unfinished piece. Some details in the image left without filling with watercolour, staying in pen. This detail gives to the person who looked at the illustration a chance to finalize image by himself. It is wrong to blame this talented person to plagiarism, but influence is obvious. By analysing and comparing todays illustrations to the period of fifties and sixties sadly start realizing that all the styles and technique are borrowed from that time. Inspiration is a way to get passed, light up not the way to copy someone else ideas. There are many reasons why fashion illustration will stay desirable forever. Sadly one of the reasons is that illustrations are a part of a circle, spiral process, when something that was already created will be appearing again and again. In spite of this it was a couple moments which could destroyed fashion illustration existence, but it did not happened. Colour photography still can not replace illustrations. Defiantly popularity of fashion illustrations could depend on many aspects, but everything in this world is dependable. Interest to photography decreases interest to illustrations. In spite of this, the interest to illustrations is always exist. Personality is amazing filling which fashion illustrations give to this world. Each illustration is unique beauty object. Cultural aspects, beauty canons, development, computerization and million of other factors could influence to fashion illustrations. However we still need it, as we need real beauty created by real, alive person. Moreover, woman are the main customers for fashion. They will adore fashion illustrations forever like they adore the fairy tales. Illustrations give a chance for unlimited fantasy to exist. It is like starting point for magistery. Beauty is a magic. People are dependable on beauty. Fashion is one of the main source of beauty and there is no other chance for fashion to appear without illustrations. Photography is amazing achievement for humanity. There is always will be a competition, hided war between fashion illustrations and fashion photography. The positive sign is that more often people combine both of this branch together. Collages have a strong visual power. It gives the chance to these arts to collaborate and supplement each other. Todays fashion illustrations have this tendency to copy from existing styles to present a new ideas. Hopefully there will be a progress in a future. Many talented people are working in this field today. Many of them trying to come with something special, new progressive in illustrative world. It might be quite difficult to discover something new in this era, where almost everything was created. Primary fashion illustration depend on human ability and imagination. People have this ability to come up with amazing achievements. It must happened with illustrations as well- break to the new era platinum age of illustrations. May be quite soon Vogue photographed cover will be replaced with fashion illustration.

Self-Recognition and Embarrassment :: essays research papers

Self-Recognition and Embarrassment   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Our group’s task was to measure self-recognition and embarrassment in children ages 1-3. We had 3 children to work with, Arika was 9 months, Charlotte was 17 months and Lydia was 28 months old. We preformed 3 tasks on these children. The first was the â€Å"Overcompliment situation†. Secondly, we did the â€Å"Mirror situation† and last we did the â€Å"Request to dance situation†. Our findings in these situations lead us to some conclusions about self-awareness and feeling embarrassed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The procedure we used was a fairly simple one, but it needed to be followed to get accurate results. The first task we did was the Overcompliment situation. With the hidden video camera running, we played with the children for a few minutes so they could get as used to us as they would in that short period of time. Then we proceeded to give them compliment after compliment, for example; â€Å"you are so pretty†, â€Å"good job†, â€Å"you’re doing great†. After doing this you should feel a little embarrassed yourself. This task is used to see how the child reacts to the barrage of compliments. If they keep playing as they were, make eye contact periodically, they most likely weren’t embarrassed. But if they keep their head down away from the experimenter or have a silly, self-conscious smile they probably are embarrassed. Our first Overcompliment experiment was with Charlotte. She showed no reaction to Kellie giving her numerous compliments; she just played without even looking at her. This does not necessarily mean that Charlotte had no feelings about Kellie’s compliments; in fact it probably means that she was more embarrassed than anything. When it was Lydia’s turn to go Mia and I watched her play for a few minutes, then began the onslaught of compliments. Lydia didn’t even acknowledge the fact that we were speaking to her. I think she did realize that we were saying how good she was doing and because of that she played more aggressively. She never looked at either of us, she never looked to her mother for comfort or to see why these people were saying these things to her, she just kept playing with her trains. Table 1 Age in months  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Reaction 21-24  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚ ¾ of all children 20  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It was common, but not expected 15-18  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚ ¼ of all children 9-12  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  No children reacted   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The second task was the mirror situation. This experiment was first done by R. Amsterdam in 1972 on Chimpanzees.

Reflective practice Essay

Reflective practice is improving the quality of service provided, thinking back over a situation or activity, developing a different approach and gaining new insight into a new way of learning. The importance of reflective practice it to aim to continually progress to improve or change approaches, strategies and actions. To focus on what has worked well and what needs to be improved, provides clarity, to consider new approaches and learning, enables everything to be taken into account, to develop great awareness and benefit to pupils and setting and individual of improved performance. Standards such as the Essential Standards, the Code of Practice for Social Care Workers etc. tell us how we should be working. We can use them to think about the way we work and measure ourselves against them. Informing own learning, helping one to think about professional development and providing a way of identifying what is required for good practice. Own values may affect working practice by not respecting others who do not share your values, belief systems and experiences. Conflict with own values, belief experiences affecting approach to support teaching and learning e.g. motivation, respect, fairness , creativity. By favouring those who share your values, belief systems and experiences. Fostering understanding of others views and perspectives. People will respond and react different ways to constructive feedback such as agreeing with what is being said, expressing desire to improve, asking questions, looking for reassurance, being defensive and expressing anxiety over what is being said. The importance of seeking positive feedback to improve practice and inform development is to evaluate own performance. To raise awareness of strength, identify areas for improvement, what actions is to be taken to improve performance, to show you are able to learn and listen to others and to identify what works well. 2.3 The importance of using feedback to improve own practice is to ensure it meets the individuals needs, shows respect for the views of others and that you have listened to there views. Enables you to develop new approaches and ways of thinking also enables you to apply the insight you have gained. Effective feedback develops confidence, competence and motivates. A personal development plan will record information such as regular view of personal development, use reflective journal to consider progress made, evidence of achievement e.g. certificates, review goals and actions, agreed objectives for development. Sources of support for planning and reviewing own development could be mentor, teacher, local authority, training provider, awarding organisations, further or higher education institutions, appraisals, learn direct, training development agency for schools. The role of other will help us to provide grater insight, think about the impact practice has on others,working with others may also give development opportunities such as training, qualifications, shadowing experience colleagues. provide us with information and new ideas and these can come from other who may include carers, advocates, supervisor, mentor teacher and other professional. The benefit of using a personal development plan is to focus on what one wants to achieve and how to do it, to develop greater self-awareness of training needs, using reflection and structured planning on how to meet own goals and to increase own understanding of how to meet identified needs.

Smoking The heart breaker - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 14 Words: 4260 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Health Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Introduction Medical innovations and rapidly evolving technology has led to a decrease in the rate of mortality from diseases. However, the fast and constantly changing hectic lifestyle of today has led to the introduction of new diseases, unhealthy lifestyle and early, premature deaths. Today s technology has provided us with the benefits of early detection and preventive treatments and answers to some of the previously incurable diseases. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Smoking: The heart breaker" essay for you Create order But it has brought in increased stress and unhealthy eating and other habits that have in some ways caused more harm than benefit. This report titled  Smoking: The Heart Breaker is a look at the current situation of coronary heart diseases caused by smoking, relevant legislations, policies and practices, strategies to deal with the situation and future of the disease at local, national and global levels. The report will start by discussing the smoking and coronary heart disease as a public health issue and the reasons for concern. It will provide a background to help better understand the present situation along with an epidemiology of the disease and its causes, with special reference to smoking. It will then go on to report about the legislative policies and strategies that are being currently undertaken in the region of Burnley, East Lancashire to counter this particular health issue. The report will also discuss the policies and initiatives and the status of the health issue at national and global level, so as to provide a complete and holistic picture of the seriousness of the health issue. Finally the report will discuss the current strategies being employed by the government as well as non-government agencies to tackle the health issue. Recommendations will also be made to help make an improvement in the current situation. Public Health Issue: Coronary Heart Disease due to Smoking The term  Coronary heart disease is used to describe a condition of blockage or interruption of blood supply to the heart due to build-up of fatty substances in the coronary arteries (NHS, 2009). This build-up (called atheroma) can lead to insufficient supply of blood to the heart causing pain in the chest known as angina. A completely blocked artery can lead to a heart attack (called myocardial infarction) (NHS, 2009). There are various mild to critical impacts of this condition that even result in death. According to the British Heart Foundation Statistics (2009), diseases related to the heart and circulatory issues are the biggest cause of deaths in the UK, resulting in over 90,000 deaths in the UK in a year. This has resulted in not only raised concerns about the disease but also growing efforts to increase the awareness about the disease, its causes, and preventive as well as precautionary measures that can help to avoid the disease. The situation isn t any brighter in othe r parts of the world. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), the majority of countries around the world are affected by coronary heart disease and the disease is a major killer, especially in developing and transitional countries of the world. In a WHO report, cardiovascular diseases including coronary heart disease is considered to be the leading cause of death and is projected to increase from 17.1 million in 2004 to 23.4 million in 2030 (WHO, 2004). Among the various causes of coronary heart disease, smoking is regarded to be one of the primary causes. According to the WHO report, tobacco-related deaths are expected to rise from 5.4 million in 2004 to 8.3 million in 2030, representing 10% of all global deaths; and smoking has been associated to cardiovascular diseases and subsequent deaths (WHO, 2004). According to a study conducted in 2008, smoking is the leading cause of cardiovascular diseases including coronary heart disease (Bullen, 2008). Though increasing ag e has been thought as a cause of coronary heart disease, two studies have found that improper lifestyle, stress, etc are increasing the mortality rates due to coronary heart disease among the young population in the UK, USA and Australia (Nemetz, Roger Ransom, 2008) (Ford Capewell, 2007). Therefore, the growing concern for this disease and its preventable yet common cause is the choice of topic for this report. Background and Epidemiology Cardiovascular diseases including coronary heart disease have been found to be an unbiased killer that can create havoc in any society irrespective of its economic, political, cultural, religious, regional or racial identity. Similarly, tobacco smoking (either active or passive) is known to be a major cause of many diseases including the coronary heart disease. Given the stressful lifestyle in today s world, many people take up smoking to tackle the stress levels and in the process get addicted. They not only harm themselves but also people around them. The region of Burnley in East Lancashire, is no exception to this trend. Being witness to many friends and family members taking up smoking in the name of relieving stress and then getting addicted and finally ending up suffering from diseases, especially coronary heart disease inspired the choice of topic for this report. There are several causes that can result in coronary heart disease. The NHS lists smoking as the major caus e of the disease (NHS, 2009). The various other causes of coronary heart disease have been listed as high blood pressure, high level of cholesterol in blood, presence of thrombosis and / or diabetes unhealthy lifestyle with no regular exercise, obesity and a family history of angina and / or heart attack (which are hereditary) (Nemetz et al, 2008). The risk factors associated with coronary heart diseases which cannot be treated, modified or changed include age, gender and heredity (or race). Increasing age increases the risks of coronary heart disease and fatality from it. Men are found to be at a greater risk of suffering from coronary heart disease in comparison to women (Wells, 1999). Heredity of coronary disease or its causes such as diabetes, high blood pressure, and cholesterol are also known to create risks of coronary heart conditions. The causes such as smoking, high level of cholesterol in blood, high blood pressure, physical inactivity, being overweight and / or obesity a nd diabetes (diabetes mellitus) are some of the risk factors of coronary heart disease that can be modified, changed and controlled by taking medication and / or by adopting a healthy lifestyle. Other risk factors and causes of the disease include stress and alcohol addiction and can in certain circumstances prove to be fatal causes of the coronary heart disease (Ewles Simnet, 2003). Comparative data of the effects of coronary heart disease in different countries do not provide a very positive picture (see appendix 1). According to a World Health Organisation survey report, the mortality from cardiovascular diseases in 2002 for the developed nations like the United Kingdom and the United States was higher than many other developing nations like China, India, even Nigeria (WHO, 2002). It is clear from the data, that developing countries have a much higher mortality rate from cardiovascular and consequently coronary heart diseases in the developed countries like UK, USA, Germany; and an important fact to notice is that the death rate is higher in the European region in comparison to other regions of the world. This most probably can be attributed to the excessive use of tobacco, alcohol, improper lifestyle that increases stress levels, improper eating habits that leads to blood sugar and cholesterol in the blood. The tobacco usage in different countries around the world also points towards the grimness and enormity of the situation, through which one can appreciate the risk of tobacco causing further deaths due to coronary heart disease (WHO, 2008). The WHO report on tobacco consumption in different countries show that despite government initiatives and regulations, the tobacco consumption has mostly increased and has led to increased mortality especially in the age groups between 25-45 years. Though coronary heart disease is of global nature without any kind of boundary, various specific groups of people are in greater risk of having the disease in co mparison to others. The affinity to having coronary heart disease is dependent on factors such as geography, heredity, age and gender. Men are at an increased risk of suffering from coronary heart conditions as compared to women (Wells, 1999). Increase in age increases the chances of suffering from coronary heart disease (DoH, 2004). Coronary heart conditions are also known to be prevalent among Mexican Americans, some Asian Americans, American Indians, and Native Hawaiians (American Heart Association, 2010). England is one of the most vulnerable nations in Europe when it comes to coronary heart diseases (NHS, 2009). Populations in developing and underdeveloped nations of the world too are at a higher risk of suffering from coronary heart disease and related fatalities (American Heart Association, 2010). Smokers, obese people and people with high blood cholesterol are also included in the high risk group for coronary heart disease. Female smokers are more susceptible to the disease especially with increased age since females are more susceptible to the dangers of smoking in comparison to men (WHO, 2002). With increased impact of aggressive and unhealthy lifestyle and stress, the young population across the developed nations of the world too are increasingly coming under the risk of coronary heart disease (NHS, 2008). Therefore, these risk factors result in the coronary heart disease taking on a pandemic nature if certain precautionary and preventive measures are not taken to control the risk factors that can be influenced. Strategies, Policies and Initiatives Given the growing concern about coronary heart diseases, deaths due to the disease and the impact on the younger population, government agencies around the world are taking steps to combat the growing menace. Non-governmental and private agencies too are joining the efforts to promote a healthy lifestyle and awareness about preventive techniques that can help to bring down the risks associated with the disease and the rising cases of fatalities. This section of the report looks at the strategies, agenda, policies, that are being undertaken at the local (NHS East Lancashire, 2010), national and global levels to combat coronary heart disease. Local Public Health In East Lancashire, several workshops and other programmes have been undertaken to increase awareness, educate and help the residents of the area give up smoking and adopt a healthy lifestyle that will help prevent and fight coronary heart disease. The MPs in the region are encouraging antismoking legislations and policies being adopted by the authorities. The NHS has introduced the concept of smoke free zones. The SMYL programme is promoting healthy lifestyle and eating habits (NHS East Lancashire, 2010). Another campaign called  Could it be you was also started in 2008 to help people fight coronary heart disease and adopt healthy and preventive lifestyle (Chime Communications Plc, 2008). The authorities in East Lancashire have also collaborated with different agencies to start networks that can promote anti tobacco campaign and raise awareness on coronary heart disease (NHS Networks, 2010). This involvement of the government as well as non-government agencies in the area, one c an be hopeful that headway will be made into the matter. However, it is important that the public realise the criticality of the situation and take advantages of the programmes being undertaken to have a long, healthy and disease free life. Implications at the National Level The National Heart Forum (2006) indicated that heart diseases cost the UK around  £29 billion per year and was termed as  economic burden . There are several programmes that have been taken up by the health care authorities and the government in collaboration with non-government agencies to promote anti smoking habits in the country. Several regional programmes such as Bolsover  Teenage Smoking Programme, Corby  Smoking Cessation Programme, Halton  Smoke-Free Programme, London Borough of Tower Hamlets  Tobacco Control Alliance, Pendle  Smoke-free Council, Heartbeat Awards, the GO Smokefree Campaign, etc have been launched in an earnest to curb the growing effect of smoking in the country (IDeA, 2009). Several governmental legislations have also been put into place (IDeA, 2007). The Department of Health has also started programmes such as Start4Life, 5 A Day, National Support Teams and Let s Get Moving to promote healthy lifestyle that can help to prevent coronary heart di sease (DoH, 2010). Therefore the various government and nongovernment agencies in UK are making effort to control smoking habit and improve lifestyle of the citizens of the country thereby ensuring a brighter future free from smoking and coronary heart disease. Global Health The fight against smoking and coronary heart disease has taken enormous proportions with the growing realisation that these are two of the most important killers in the world today. Especially, the understanding that smoking causes diseases such as the coronary heart disease not only in the smoker but also in non-smokers who have been in the presence of smokers, has led major organisations and developed nations of the world to taking a stand against smoking. The  Work with Heart project by WHO is helping to spread the message of preventive actions that can help in prohibiting coronary heart disease and other cardiovascular diseases (WHO, 2010a). WHO has also taken up research and global partnership initiatives to help the developing countries of the world fight cardiovascular diseases (WHO, 2010b). Furthermore, WHO has aligned with several countries in the world to promote regional activities under the global strategy to counter cardiovascular diseases which includes America, Eas tern Mediterranean, Africa, South-East Asia, European region and Western Pacific (WHO, 2010c). To help fight the smoking addiction growing among countries, WHO has set up the Global Tobacco Surveillance System (GTSS) (WHO, 2010d) and is also collaborating with different international organisations such as the United Nations and the governments of various countries to help campaign against sale and use of tobacco among different nations (WHO, 2010e). Recommendations and Conclusion Upon analysing the current situation on a local, national and global basis, the following recommendations can be made: Initiatives to prevent coronary heart disease and promote anti smoking habits need to be undertaken at the grass root level, i.e. at local level. This will make the initiatives and campaigns more effective. The developing nations such as India, Brazil and China need to be targeted with confidence. Further researches into preventive and curative medicines and technologies for coronary heart diseases need to be promoted. Healthy lifestyle needs to be promoted at every level since preventive practices are more beneficial than curative ones. It is important to realise that despite several initiatives being taken by local, national and global agencies and governments, smoking trends are increasing around the world and has started to affect the young population. Coronary heart disease too has started to take its toll on the population around the world due to the hectic and unhealthy lifestyles that have come to permeate people s lives. It is highly essential that for the success of the initiatives and programmes, people must be involved in them and everyone across the globe has to realise that simple changes to their lifestyle, eating habits and anti smoking measures will help to fight and prevent coronary heart disease. The changes in lifestyle will also bring down coronary heart disease caused due to other factors such as stress, alcohol, blood sugar and cholesterol. To conclude, it can be stated that prevention is better than cure and quitting smoking and leading a healthy lifestyle can protect everyone from the sile nt killer, the coronary heart disease (Ewles Simnet, 2003). References American Heart Association (2010) Risk Factors and Coronary Heart Disease [Online] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at https://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=4726 ASH (2009) Ash facts at a glance: Implementation of the Smoke-free Law in England, Wales and Northern Ireland [Online] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at https://www.ash.org.uk/files/documents/ASH_594.pdf Ash (2007) Ash facts at a glance: Smoking and Diseases [Online] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at https://www.ash.org.uk/files/documents/ASH_94.pdf Ash (2010) Ash facts at a glance: Smoking Statistics [Online] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at https://www.ash.org.uk/files/documents/ASH_93.pdf Ash (2010) Ash facts at a glance: Tobacco Economics [Online] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at https://www.ash.org.uk/files/documents/ASH_95.pdf Ash (2009) Ash facts at a glance: Tobacco Regulations [Online] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at https://www.ash.org.uk/files/documents/ASH_96.pdf Bri tish Heart Foundation Statistics Website (2009) Mortality [Online] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at https://www.heartstats.org/topic.asp?id=17 Bullen, C. (July, 2008). Impact of Tobacco Smoking and Smoking Cessation on Cardiovascular Risk and Disease. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy, Vol. 6, No. 6, pp. 883-895. Chime Communications Plc (2008) East Lancashire PCT Enlists BMT to Develop a Campaign to Tackle the Region s Biggest Killer [Online] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at https://www.chime.plc.uk/press-releases/bmt-launches-east-lancashire-pct-campaign-could-it-be-you Department of Health (DoH) (2010) Public Health [Online] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at https://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publichealth/index.htm Department of Health (DoH) (2004) The National Service Framework for Coronary Heart Disease: Wining the War on Heart Disease [Online] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at https://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndG uidance/DH_4077154 Ewles L, Simnett I. (2003). Promoting Health: A Practical Guide. London: Balliere Tindall. Ford, E. S. Capewell, S. (2007) Coronary Heart Disease Mortality Among Young Adults in the U.S. from 1980 Through 2002. Concealed Levelling of Mortality Rates Journal of the American College of Cardiology Vol. 50, pp. 2128-2132. Improvement and Development Agency (IDeA) (2009) Smoking [Online] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at https://www.idea.gov.uk/idk/core/page.do?pageId=5889940 Improvement and Development Agency (IDeA) (2007) Smoke-free Legislation [Online] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at https://www.idea.gov.uk/idk/core/page.do?pageId=6166044 National Health Service (NHS) (2009) Health A-Z: Coronary Heart Disease [Online] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Coronary-heart-disease/Pages/Introduction.aspx National Health Service (NHS) (2008) Rates of Heart Disease in the Young [Online] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at https://www.nhs.uk/news/2007/January08/Pages/Ratesofheartdiseaseintheyoung.asp National Heart Forum (2006) Economic Cost of Heart Disease [Online] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at https://www.heartforum.org.uk/AboutCHD_Economicburden.aspx Nemetz, P. N., Roger, V. L., Ransom, J. E., Bailer, K. R., Edwards, W. D., Leibson, C. L. (2008) Recent Trends in the Prevalence of Coronary Disease: A Population-Based Autopsy Study of Non-natural Deaths Archival of Internal Medicine Vol. 168, No. 3, pp. 264-270. NHS East Lancashire (2010) SMYL If you want to live longer [Online] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at https://www.smyl.eastlancspct.nhs.uk/welcome/ NHS Networks (2010) East Lancashire Public Health Network [Online] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at https://www.networks.nhs.uk/networks.php?pid=727 Smoke Free (2007) Smoke-free Legislation Compliance Data [Online] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at https://www.smokefreeengland.co.uk/files/dhs01_03-smokefree_report_final.pd f Wells, A. J. (1999) Passive Smoking and Coronary Heart Disease New England Journal of Medicine Vol. 341, No. 9, pp.697-698. World Health Organisation (WHO) (2004) Causes of Death (part 2). 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(July, 2008). Impact of Tobacco Smoking and Smoking Cessation on Cardiovascular Risk and Disease. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy, Vol. 6, No. 6, pp. 883-895. Chime Communications Plc (2008) East Lancashire PCT Enlists BMT to Develop a Campaign to Tackle the Region s Biggest Killer [Online] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at https://www.chime.plc.uk/press-releases/bmt-launches-east-lancashire-pct-campaign-could-it-be-you Department of Health (DoH) (2004) The National Service Framework for Coronary Heart Disease: Wining the War on Heart Disease [Online] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at https://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_4077154 Department of Health (DoH) (2010) Public Health [Online] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at https://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publ ichealth/index.htm Ewles L, Simnett I. (2003). Promoting Health: A Practical Guide. London: Balliere Tindall. Ford, E. S. Capewell, S. 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(2008) Recent Trends in the Prevalence of Coronary Disease: A Population-Based Autopsy Study of Non-natural Deaths Archival of Internal Medicine Vol. 168, No. 3, pp. 264-270. NHS East Lancashire (2010) SMYL If you want to live longer [Online] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at https://www.smyl.eastlancspct.nhs.uk/welcome/ NHS Networks (2010) East Lancashire Public Health Network [Online] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at https://www.networks.nhs.uk/networks.php?pid=727 Smoke Free (2007) Smoke-free Legislation Compliance Data [Online] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at https://www.smokefreeengland.co.uk/files/dhs01_03-smokefree_report_final.pdf Wells, A. J. (1999) Passive Smoking and Coronary Heart Disease New England Journal of Medicine Vol. 341, No. 9, pp.697-698. Whincup, P. H., Gilg, J. A., Emberson, J. R., Jarvis, M. J., Feyerabend, C., Bryant, A., Wakler, M., Cook, D. G. ( 2004) Passive Smoking and Risk of Coronary Disease and Stroke: Prospective S tudy with Cotinine Measurement British Medical Journal Vol. 329, No. 7459, pp. 200-205. World Health Organisation (WHO) (2002) Global Burden of Disease in 2002: Data Sources, Methods and Results [Online] last accessed 2nd December 2009 at https://apps.who.int/infobase/compare.aspx?dm=10countries=818%2c250%2c414%2c484%2c554%2c566%2c643%2c710%2c826%2c840year=2002sf1=mo.cg.059sex=all World Health Organisation (WHO) (2004) Causes of Death (part 2). 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Pride Essay Example For Students

Pride Essay In Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen, the emphasis is on irony, in its exposure of foolishness and the importance of social values. Jane Austens irony is devastating in its exposure of foolishness. There are various forms of exquisite irony in Pride and Prejudice, sometimes the characters are unconsciously ironic, as when Mrs. Bennet seriously asserts that she would never accept any entailed property, though Mr. Collins is willing to. â€Å"Often Mr. Bennet and Elizabeth serve to directly express the authors ironic opinion† (Trevor 352). When Mary Bennet is the only daughter at home and does not have to be compared with her prettier sisters, the author notes that: â€Å"it was suspected by her father that she submitted to the change without much reluctance† (Austen 189). Mr. Bennet turns his wit on himself during the crisis with Whickham and Lydia: â€Å"let me once in my life feel how much I have been to blame. I am not afraid of being overpowered by the impression. It will pass away soon enough†(Austen 230). Elizabeths irony is lighthearted when Jane asks when she began to love Mr. Darcy: à ¢â‚¬Å"It has been coming on so gradually that I hardly know when it began. But I believe I must date it from my first seeing his beautiful grounds at Pemberly† (Austen 163). â€Å"She can be bitterly cutting however in her remark on Darcys role in separating Bingley and Jane† (Bowen 107): â€Å"Mr. Darcy is uncommonly kind to Mr. Bingley, and takes a prodigious deal of care of him† (Austen 202). â€Å"The author also independent of any character, uses irony in the narrative parts for some of her sharpest judgments† (Bradley 9). The Meryton Community is glad that Lydia is marrying such a worthless man as Whickham: â€Å" and the good nature wishes for her well doing, which had proceed before from all the spiteful old ladies in Meryton, lost but a little of their spirit in this change of circumstances, because with such a husband, her misery was certain† (Austen 270). â€Å"Austen uses irony to provoke gentle, whimsical laughter and to make veiled, b itter observations as well; in her hands irony is an extremely effective device for moral evaluation† (Francis 21): â€Å"She has Elizabeth say that she hopes she will never laugh at what is wise or good† (Austen 143). The characters on Pride and Prejudice are full of social values. â€Å"Every character is measured against the intelligence and sensitivity which eighteen-century people called good sense, and they stand and fall by common consent of the evaluation made by the author† (Hirsch 74). â€Å"The characters themselves, the sensible ones, accept this standard, and their relationships are determined by it, Mr. Bennet cannot be happy with his wife because he does not respect her† (Watt 296): â€Å"Mr. Bennet saw his wife, he was thinking about how obstinate she was, how money made her so happy, and how hypocrite she was† (Austen 90). â€Å"For this reason he retreats the ridiculousness of his family into sarcasm and carelessness† (Schroer 84). â€Å"Elizabeth also feels pained by her familys folly, and can not help realizing how harmful it is to Lydias and her own romances† (Brower 172): â€Å"I have bad news for you imprudent as a marriage between Mr. Whi ckham and our poor Lydia would be, we are now anxious to be assured it has taken place in Scotland† (Austen 262). â€Å"Likewise when Charlotte Lucas marries the idiotic Mr. Collins for purely materialistic reasons, Elizabeth knows their friendship can never be the same; they will separate. This stress on good sense brings characters together as well† (Jenkins 289). Jane, Elizabeth, and the Gardiners are tied to each other by affection and an alert confidence in each others judgment. â€Å"They can rely on both the mind and the heart of the others; this sensible and spirited attitude is what draws Darcy to Elizabeth in the first place. Since the quality of good sense is so important for the characters, we should know what it specifically is† (Watt 300). The two characteristics already mentioned, intelligence and sensitivity, are obviously essential. â€Å"A sense of responsibility also seems to be part of it† (Hirsch 64). Mrs. and Mr. Bennet are not sensib le when they fail to guide their family. This responsibility involves a consideration for the feelings of other people which silly characters as Mr. Collins, Lady Catherine de Bourgh, and Lydia Bennet conspicuously lack. â€Å"What happens in Pride and Prejudice happens to nearly all of us, embarrassment at the foolishness of relatives, the unsteady feelings of falling in love, and the mortify of suddenly realizing a big mistake† (Bradley 28). â€Å"The psychological realism of the novel is revealed in the quick recognition we have of how the characters feel, there is a very convincing view of how an intelligent, feeling person changes, the sensitiveness of how people do feel and act† (Trevor 351); as when Elizabeth and Darcy are angry at each other and how they completely change their minds with the passage of time. .uf8c665f853697919d81cd36bfed164ae , .uf8c665f853697919d81cd36bfed164ae .postImageUrl , .uf8c665f853697919d81cd36bfed164ae .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf8c665f853697919d81cd36bfed164ae , .uf8c665f853697919d81cd36bfed164ae:hover , .uf8c665f853697919d81cd36bfed164ae:visited , .uf8c665f853697919d81cd36bfed164ae:active { border:0!important; } .uf8c665f853697919d81cd36bfed164ae .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf8c665f853697919d81cd36bfed164ae { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf8c665f853697919d81cd36bfed164ae:active , .uf8c665f853697919d81cd36bfed164ae:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf8c665f853697919d81cd36bfed164ae .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf8c665f853697919d81cd36bfed164ae .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf8c665f853697919d81cd36bfed164ae .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf8c665f853697919d81cd36bfed164ae .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf8c665f853697919d81cd36bfed164ae:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf8c665f853697919d81cd36bfed164ae .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf8c665f853697919d81cd36bfed164ae .uf8c665f853697919d81cd36bfed164ae-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf8c665f853697919d81cd36bfed164ae:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Parenting Styles EssayBibliography: